(با نگ درا(حصہ دوم

1905 -1908

Poems written between 1905 and 1908, the period he spent

as a student in Europe. He praises the rationality and

pragmatism of the West, but complains about its overt

materialism, loss of spirituality and narrow patriotism, which

promises suffering. (The first world war proved him right.) This

situation strengthened his belief in the universal values of Islam

and he resolved to use his poetry to stir Muslims to their

renaissance.